怎样开始写英文论文

偶然看到这题,发现自己刚好有收藏多年的干货,忍不住想要和大家分享。在我第一次写英文论文的时候,我的歪果仁老湿给予了莫大的帮助。他以一篇论文的形式呈现了怎样写论文。直到现在,翻出来看看还是有收获良多。这里面不仅给出了一篇正式论文的基本框架(你可以直接套进去),还包括了写论文的顺序,教你如何打草稿,如何写开头结尾,甚至reference的格式也给你讲的清清楚楚。那么先发放福利word文档,百度云大家随意提取。在这里我也把主体部分给大家看一下。提取收藏的点个赞呗~~链接:百度云请输入提取密码密码:n3tb以下论文(格式没办法,见谅):1.ExecutiveSummaryTheexecutivesummaryprovidesasynopsisofthereport.Itshouldinclude:·Astatementonthepurposeofthereport–whatitsetsouttoachieve
·Abriefoutlineofthescopeofthereportand/orresearchmethodology
·Anoutlineofthemajorissuesorfindingscoveredinthereport
·Anoutlineofthemajorconclusionsandrecommendationsofthereport.
Theexecutivesummaryshouldnotincludenewinformationnorshoulditbeusedasanintroductiontothereport.
Astheexecutivesummaryisasummaryofthereport,itshouldALWAYSbetheLASTsectionofthereportwritten
2.IntroductionorBackgroundItmayincludeanoutlineofthetermsofreferenceorthereasonsforthedecisiontowritethereport(seebelow).
Explainthebackgroundtotheissue/problem/topic(thiscouldbethehistory,etc.thathelpsusunderstandtheissue/problem/topic.
Whatarethedifferentpointsofview/opinionsabouttheissue/problem/topic?
Whatislikelytohappeninthefuture?
Thisreportwasrequestedbyanumberofstudentshavingdifficultyunderstandinghowtowriteareport.
Thisreportaimstogivestudentsaplantofollowwhenpreparingtheirmaterialandanexampleofthelayoutofareport.
Thematerialforthisreportwasgatheredfromvariousbooksandwebsiteswhichwillbereferredtolater.Thisformatisnottheonlywaytowriteareport.
ItiswrittenespeciallyforstudentsundertakingAcademicEnglish.Howeveritcanbeausefulguidetoanystudentinanysubject.
3.ScopeofReportorResearchObjectivesOutlinethepurposeofyourreport.
Thescopeofthereportshoulddefinemajorissuesorresearchobjectivestobeaddressedbythereport.
Ifindoubt,askyouteacher.Theymaybeabletohelpyoufindtherightplacetolookforinformation.
4.ResearchMethodologyMostreportswillinclude:
·4.1primarysourcesofinformation–surveys,questionnaires
·4.2secondarysourcesofinformation–books,internet
Thissectionneedstodetailhowtheinformationforthereportwasobtainedandanylimitations.Theplacetostartisinyourownhead.Howmuchdoyoualreadyknowaboutthetopic?Writeeverythingdown.
Usethelibrary.Notjusttheinternet.Therearebooks,magazines,newspapers,andstafftohelpyou.Takenotesandorganisetheinformationinafolder.
Remembertowritedownalltheinformationaboutanybookorwebsite,etc.forthebibliography:author,title,datepublished,publisherandplacepublished(seeAppendixBofthisreport).
Notetakingskillsarenecessarywhenreadinginformationandyoumustsummarisemuchofthatinformation.
5.DetailedFindingsThelargestsectionofthereport–itwillcontainalltheinformationandanalysis,includingtables,chartsanddiagrams.
ThebodymustbedividedintologicalsectionsandsubsectionswithheadingsidenticaltothoseintheTableofContents.
Itwillincludeheadingsandsub-headingswhichreflectthecontentsofeachsection.
AlthoughareportstartswithasynopsisdonotstartwritingituntilAFTERyoufinishtheintroduction,bodyandconclusioninthatorder.
5.1FIRSTDRAFT
Dividethebodyofthereportintoheadingsandsubheadings,soeachsectioncanbewrittenonitsown.Thismakesthetaskseemeasier.
Usethepassivevoice(revisethissectionofEnglishonCue,Module5).Useshortsentencesandsimple,formallanguage.Includepicturesifyouwanttomakeitmoreinterestinge.g.”Diagram2showsthat……”
Useyourcomputer’sspellcheckandprintpreviewwherepossible.Planthepagescarefully.Carelesslayoutwilllosemarks.Checkgrammarandpunctuation.
Whenreferencingabook,etc.inyourwritingrememberquotingdirectlymustusequotationmarkse.g.“TherearemanyreasonswhypeoplevisitAustralia…..”(Smith2012).
Indirectquotes(paraphrasing):Smith(2012)saystherearemanydifferentreasonspeoplewanttovisitAustralia.
Savetwocopies:oneonyourcomputerandoneonaUSB.Lostworkmeansstartingagain.
5.2SECONDDRAFT
Producingtheseconddraftisnothardonceyourfirstdraftofthereportisedited,typedandsaved.
6.ConclusionandRecommendationsThisisasummaryofthemainfindingsofthereport,especiallythosethatareforthereader/client.
Conclusionshouldtellwhatthedetailedfindingsmeanforthereader/clientinrelationtothescopeofthereportorresearchobjectives.
Therecommendationsshouldlisttheactionthatyourecommendshouldbetakenbasedontheseconclusions.
6.1CONCLUSION
Itishopedthisguidewillbenefitstudentsinatleasttwoways.Firstly,togiveastepbystepmethodtoreportwriting.Secondly,itistobeusedasanexampleofreportwriting.
Theprocessofreportwritingisobviouslyalongandcomplexone.Eachstepshouldbecompletedbeforemovingontothenextone.DoNOTputoffstartingtoresearchandwritejustbecauseitisdifficult.
Makesuretheinformationinthereportisrelevanttothetopicanddiscussestheissuesmentionedintheintroduction.
6.2RECOMMENDATIONS
+Takeonestepatatime
+Donotwastetime
+Usealltheresourcesavailable
+Talktoyourteacherifindoubt
+Startnow
7BIBLIOGRAPHYThebibliographyisanalphabeticallistofreferencesusedinpreparationofthereport
Studentsshouldrefertotheirtextbookforguidelinesonhowtocorrectlyreferenceinformationsources.
Jordan,R.R(1990)AcademicWritingCourse,CollinsELT,London.
Mangubhai,FrancisandPritchard,R(1996)EnglishonCue,USQ,Toowoomba.
http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ecologicalfootprint/globalfootprint/index.aspAPPENDIX
Theappendicessectionisformaterialthatisrelevantandisreferredtointhereport,butistoolongorisnotnecessarytobeincludedinthebodyofthereport.
Examples:Questionnaire
Appendicestobelabelled:AppendixA,AppendixBetc.
WRITINGABIBLIOGRAPHY
Takecarefulnoteoftheorderinwhichtheinformationappearsbelow–alphabetically!Theformatisdifferentforbooks,magazinesandinternet.Mostentriesbeginwithanauthorbutifnotthenthetitle,etc.isshown.
1.0BOOKS
Author’sfamilyname,initialorfirstname,(dateofpublication),titleinitalics,nameofpublisher,placewherepublished.
Barron,ML(2010)BusinessFinance,McGraw-Hill,Sydney.
Kitchen,PD(Ed.)(1997)BusinessLaw:Fundamentals,Thompson,London.
Brown,MandWhite,P(2000)WritingAssignments,ThomasNelson,Melbourne.
2.0JOURNALS/MAGAZINES/NEWSPAPERS
Author’sfamilyname,initialorfirstname,(dateofpublication),“titleofarticle”,nameofjournalinitalics,volumenumber,(issuenumber),pp.numbers.
Smith,B(2002)“Canyouwriteanessay?”,EducationTimes,64,(10),pp.24-28.
Mitchell,Ben(2000)“StudentsfailEnglishtest”,XinHua,13September,p.5.
3.0WebSites
Author’sfamilyname,firstname/initial,(dateofpublication),titleofpageinitalics,URL,dateaccessed.Or
Titleofpage,URL,dateaccessed.
Quinion,M,(1996)Citingonlinesources.AdviceononlinecitationsformatsWorldWideWords:CitingOnlineSources(Accessed7.9.2013)
Informationresource,www.immi.gov.au/visas(Accessed20/10/2012)
|以下引自:Nature自然科研:想发国际期刊,你用过这些工具、技巧和数据库吗?
英语非母语的学者要在国际期刊上发表研究论文,往往要下一番功夫。作为大学语言老师和研究人员,我们在过去几年中帮助过不同学科领域的新手学者提高他们要发表的论文的质量。这里,我们总结了几条如何提高国际期刊论文写作效率的建议。




来源:Getty运用现代工具学术写作的核心是再利用:我们在他人的想法、话语和语言基础上进行拓展。如果新手学者不能事先熟悉如何对一系列研究文献加以再利用,那么他们很难良好地完成写作任务。
我们教过的许多一年级研究生还不懂得利用Zotero、Mendeley和EndNote这些研究管理工具。这些工具不仅能通过文字处理工具为作者自动生成参考文献,还能让研究人员构建个人学术论文库,在论文段落中做笔记,思索如何移用到将来的论文中。通过利用Zotero的收集、标签和相关项目功能,研究人员还能为相关的研究项目建立一个数字资料库。
借鉴目标期刊的论文在建立了自己的研究文献库后,研究人员可以对照不同内容,学习目标期刊中论文的遣词造句。
尝试理解文章的结构:不要问作者要说什么,而是看他们怎么说。研究人员应该观察其他作者是如何通过特定句子结构和格式来“分阶段”推进论据的,并借用这种形式。
比方说,论文引言通常都会有个开头(“……是一个越来越受到关注的领域”);中间部分(“过去的大部分研究并未直接解决……问题”);以及结尾(“本次研究的目标是……”)。研究人员不应直接套用这些句子,这容易引起抄袭嫌疑;而是注意观察这些发表过的论文格式,花一番功夫后加以重新利用。
利用电子工具提升遣词造句电子版研究论文可以帮助研究人员选择自己论文的正确用词、增加句子结构的多样性。比如,在线数据库“CorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglish”有一个研究论文子集(包含1.12亿个单词量),其搜索功能让用户可以在输入单个词语后,找到这些词语常见的搭配组合,以及他人如何利用这些词组句。
谷歌学术的高级搜索功能还可以帮助学生模仿特定期刊的句式。
比如,用谷歌学术搜索“"increasingattention"source:Nature”,就能得到《自然》论文中含有这一短语的3160个句子,让论文新手找到很多可以借用的语法结构。
向导师和语言老师寻求反馈最后,研究生应该尽早向导师征求论文反馈意见,确保自己的引言和讨论部分具有足够的说服力。作为语言老师,我们经常会收到帮助审校论文的请求。
对于许多新手学者来说,最大的困难并非在于如何保证语法准确,反倒是如何清晰连贯地表述自己的想法更难。如果能和语言老师面对面地讨论如何改进论文,而不是付费请陌生人编辑润色,一定能让作者收获更多。?Nature|doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00359-8
原文发布在2019年1月30日《自然》职业专栏上,作者:SimonWang和YongyanLi
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00359-8
■以前写过一个写科研论文的短文,主要是对组里同学的要求。不是专门针对如何改进英文的(要会改进我自己早改进了),不过里面很多内容也和中文母语情况下写英文论文常见问题有关。这里粘贴过来,有点跑题,希望同时也有点帮助。其中LaTeX、画图等内容是针对理工科的。当然,科研质量是最重要的。不过本文只讲技术性问题,不讲科学问题。
平时的准备会用LaTeX安装LaTeX(如TeXLive新手推荐完整安装)找个趁手的编辑器(如无特殊喜好,可使用TeX套装自带编辑器)确保编辑器支持英文拼写检查,和文件对比功能使用常用模板,例如REVTeX了解基本命令,插图,公式环境,\\cite\\ref\\left\\right等了解本专业常用符号在LaTeX中的输入方法,例如